What is HSS Drill Bit ?

What is HSS Drill Bit ?

 HSS Drills

High-speed steel (HSS) is a form of tool steel; HSS bits are hard and much more resistant to heat than high-carbon steel. They can be used to drill metal, hardwood, and most other materials at greater cutting speeds than carbon-steel bits, and have largely replaced carbon steels.


What is Dead Front in Electrical Panel ?

What is Dead Front in Electrical Panel ?

An electric panel will generally have one or two covers. Panels with two covers have an outer cover (which will open to the side or upwards) and an inner cover, called a “Dead Front”. The dead front cover normally has the slots / knockouts for the breakers to fit into.

It is called a “Dead Front” for a reason

When the “Dead Front” is missing, the wiring, breakers and the bus bar is exposed. This is very dangerous. If a person comes into contact with or touches the live bus bar, a serious shock or injury could occur. Even death. That is how the name “Dead Front” came about.

Replacing the “Dead Front”

When the “Dead Front” is missing it is wise to replace it as soon as possible. Also, the main cover should be locked and tagged until the Dead Front is properly in place. A number of manufactures have replacement covers for their panels.

What does NFPA 70e stand for?

What does NFPA 70e stand for?

NFPA 70e stand Standard for Electrical Safety

NFPA 70E, titled Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, is a standard of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The document covers electrical safety requirements for employees. The NFPA is best known for publishing the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

SMA vs RP-SMA what is the difference ?

SMA vs RP-SMA what is the difference ?

When looking for SMA you may find SMA and RP-SMA connectors. What is the difference in these two?

Reverse polarity SMA (RP-SMA or RSMA) is designed to be incompatible with standard SMA connectors to comply with U.S. FCC regulations which seek to prevent consumers from attaching non-standard aerials to wireless devices.

The male RP-SMA connector has the same external housing as a standard male SMA connector except the center male pin is replaced by a receptacle. The female RP-SMA connector has the same housing as a standard female SMA connector however the pin found on a male SMA connector is on the female RP-SMA connector.

Here are some picture examples to help show the difference.



What is IEEE 802.1X?

What is IEEE 802.1X?

    Devices attempting to connect to a LAN or WLAN require an authentication mechanism. IEEE 802.1X, an IEEE Standard for Port-Based Network Access Control (PNAC), provides protected authentication for secure network access.

    An 802.1X network is different from home networks in one major way; it has an authentication server called a RADIUS Server. It checks a user’s credentials to see if they are an active member of the organization and, depending on the network policies, grants users varying levels of access to the network. This allows unique credentials or certificates to be used per user, eliminating the reliance on a single network password that can be easily stolen.

How does 802.1X work?

    802.1X is a network authentication protocol that opens ports for network access when an organization authenticates a user’s identity and authorizes them for access to the network. The user’s identity is determined based on their credentials or certificate, which is confirmed by the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server is able to do this by communicating with the organization’s directory, typically over the LDAP or SAML protocol.


Source :

https://www.securew2.com/solutions/802-1x/#:~:text=802.1X%20RADIUS%20accounting%20involves,server%20when%20the%20session%20begins.

Overview of Open Data Protocol (ODP) ...

Overview of Open Data Protocol (ODP) ...

The Open Data Protocol (OData) is a protocol to request data through a query string.

The Open Data Protocol (OData) is a protocol to access data on the web. It provides a uniform way to query and manipulate data sets through CRUD operations.

Why we need an OData Service?

Advantages

  1. OData is based on RESTful architecture, so we can retrieve data based on an URL query string.

  2. OData supports HTTP, Atom Pub as well as JSON format.

  3. It is very lightweight to use. Since it is lightweight, the performance is very good while interacting between client and service.

  4. It supports for any type of data source. Even you can use your own custom class as a data source.

  5. You can create your own custom methods and expose it.

  6. It supports different HTTP methods:

    1. GET: Gets one or many entries.
    2. POST: Create a new entry.
    3. PUT: Update an existing entry.
    4. DELETE: Remove an entry.

Limitations

  1. It is much less secure as it is purely URL based.

What is the Fresnel Zone?

What is the Fresnel Zone?
                 In point to point wireless communications, it is important for the line of sight between two wireless systems to be free from any obstruction (terrain, vegetation, buildings, wind farms and a host of other obstructions). As any interference or obstruction in the LOS can result in a loss of signal. 
              While installing a wireless communication system, it is important to keep an elliptical region between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna free from any obstruction for the proper functioning of the system. 
                This 3D elliptical region between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna is called the Fresnel Zone. The size of the ellipse is determined by the frequency of operation and the distance between the two sites.




What is RSSI and its acceptable signal strength?

What is RSSI and its acceptable signal strength?
RSSI stands for Received Signal Strength Indicator. It is an estimated measure of power level that an RF client device is receiving from an access point or router. At larger distances, the signal gets weaker and the wireless data rates get slower, leading to a lower overall data throughput. Signal is measured by the receive signal strength indicator (RSSI), which in most cases indicates how well a particular radio can hear the remote connected client radios. Indoor RSSI Set-Up Best Practices Indoor RSSI Maximums For mixed use networks: -75 dB to -80 dB For session based networks: (Such as video conferencing, Wi-Fi calling, inventory management, etc.) -60 dB to -65 dB Recommended Tx Output Power on APs For mixed use networks: (Such as web browsing, accessing email, etc.) 18 dBm to 20 dBm on the 5 GHz radio 11 dBm to 14 dBm on the 2.4 GHz radio For session based networks: 11 dBm to 15 dBm on the 5 GHz radio 11 dBm on the 2.4 GHz radio Channel Width Relation to RSSI Wider channels normally have lower RSSI values. Therefore, smaller channel widths are recommended in all but some special circumstances; when configuring EnGenius APs. Note: Special circumstances are low AP density deployments, such as a small home network. A wider channel setting should only be considered after the RF deployment has been qualified. (40 MHz - 80 MHz and channel widths) Visualize your project's RSSI through the subscription-free network design tool, ezWiFi Planner. Try it now to measure your project's projected coverage. Source : https://helpcenter.engeniustech.com/hc/en-us/articles/234761008-What-is-RSSI-and-its-acceptable-signal-strength-#:~:text=RSSI%20stands%20for%20Received%20Signal,a%20lower%20overall%20data%20throughput.

What do those codes on Bearing mean ? 6309 2Z/C3 ?

Here is a little quick reference guide that explains these bearing codes in detail.

(2 Min Read)

Lets use a 6309 2Z/C3 as an example:

S             6302         2RS
^             ^^^^        ^^
Prefix     Code       Suffix

Prefix:

  • K Cage with roller elements
  • L Removable bearing ring
  • R Ring with roller set
  • S Roll body of stainless steel
  • W Stainless steel deep groove ball bearing

Code:

(6)902 - This first number relates to the bearing type

1-Self-Aligning Ball Bearing

This kind of ball bearing has a spherical outer race, allowing the axis of the bearing to "wander around". This is important because misalignment is one of the big causes of bearing failure.

2-Barrel and Spherical Roller Bearings

3-Tapered Roller Bearing

4-Deep Groove Double-Row Ball Bearing

5-Axial Deep Groove Ball Bearing

6-Deep Groove Ball Bearing (Single row)

Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Deep Groove Ball Bearing

7-Single-Row Angular Contact Bearing

8-Axial Cylindrical Roller Bearings


6(3)09 - This second number relates the bearing series, which reflects the robustness of the bearing. As you go up the scale below from 9 to 4 the inner and outer race thickness will usually increase along with the ball size, this will be to help cope with extra load.

  • 9 - Very thin section
  • 0 - Extra light
  • 1 - Extra light thrust
  • 2 - Light
  • 3 - Medium
  • 4 - Heavy

63(09) - The 3rd and 4th digits of the bearing number relate to the bore size of the bearing, numbers 00 to 03 have a designated bore size depending on the number.

  • 00 - 10mm
  • 01 - 12mm
  • 02 - 15mm
  • 03 - 17mm

*Note: Numbers over 03 simply have a bore size which is 5 times that of the 3rd and 4th digit.

Suffix:

  • 2 RS Bearing with rubber seal on both sides. RS provides a better seal but more rolling friction than 2Z.
  • RS Bearing with rubber seal on one side, one side open.
  • 2 Z / ZZ Bearing with a metal seal on both sides.
  • Z Bearing with a metal seal on one side, one side open.
  • E Reinforced Design
  • P2 Highest precision
  • K Bearing with taper bore

C2, C3, C4 and C5 

    The standards of internal clearance that bearings are manufactured to are quoted by a C then a number or for standard clearance bearings are denoted to be CN clearance which is never stated and places the bearing between C2 and C3 Clearance.Standard bearings are what are known as CN clearance but this is never stated in the bearing number thus 6205CN would normally be stated as just 6205.

    C3, C4 and C5 bearings are bearings that have an additional internal radial clearance to cope with high speed environments where excess heat is generated. They are not suited to environments where critical alignment is required from the onset e.g. Where blades and cutters are set up to each other. Applications like motorcycle wheels or bicycle wheels do not require C3 rated bearings.

  • C2 is less than normal so the bearing is tighter (designed for slower moving more precise applications that require little or no play in the bearings where the temperature remains fairly constant.
  • C3 is designed for hot running environments; engines etc. where the bearing temp could reach 100deg or more.
  • C4 more extreme temperature applications and higher speed environments.
  • C5 the highest clearance bearing available, are extremely loose to start and can knock until at operating speeds and temperature.

Unless the bearing you are replacing specifically says C3 on it then you should not replace it with a C3 bearing, C3 Bearings are loose to the feel from new and often people complain at the quality of the bearing being poor and having more movement than the one they are replacing. C4 and C5 are even looser still than C3 clearance bearings.


Difference between Compressor , Blower , Fan ...???

Difference between  Compressor , Blower , Fan ...???
Compressor:
Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a fluid, either gas or liquid by reducing its volume. The inlet diameter of the pipe will be more than the outlet diameter. This reduces the volume flow rate and thus the pressure of the fluid increases. Thermodynamically, low pressure high volume in the Inlet becomes high pressure low volume at the outlet. Compressor are mainly used for fluid flow at high pressures i.e, the inlet pressure will be low while inlet volume will be high and outlet pressure will be high while outlet volume will be low. There are many types of compressor based on the different principles of working such as 
1. Rotary Compressor
2. Reciprocatory Compressor
3. Centrifugal Compressor
4. Axial Compressor
Compressors are extensively used in refrigerator, air conditioner, pipeline transport of natural gas, petrol refineries, pneumatic compressors are used in industries.

Blower:
Blower is also known as "Centrifugal Fan". This fan increases the velocity of air or gas when it is passed into the impellers. The inlet pressure will be low and the outlet pressure will be high. At constant volume flow rate, the low pressure air becomes high pressure at the outlet. This is mainly due to the rotating blades in the impeller. The kinetic energy of the blades increases the pressure of the air at the outlet. Blowers are mainly used for industry purposes and in climatic control after fan due to its high pressure than fan

Fan:
Fan is a machine used to create a fluid flow. The flow of fluid is increased with the fan. It produces high volume and low pressure than the ambient conditions. It is mainly used as cooling device in computer CPUs and other electronic gadgets apart from climatic condition control.

Main difference between Fan and Blower is blower can achieve more pressure ratio than fan. Blowers can produce more high pressured air than fan. 

Difference between Compressor and Blower - Compressor produces high pressure at low volumes where as blower produces low pressure at high volumes.

Air Blower

What is Festoon Cable ?

What is Festoon Cable ?

Let’s start with the name — ‘festoon’ is a word that often refers to something suspended in a curve between two points.Simply put, festoon cable is a flat portable cord. 

This may help in remembering common applications for festoon cables; they are typically used in cranes, hoists, and other suspension applications.

What is the construction of festoon cable?

Festoon cable is made of finely stranded bare copper conductors at its very core. The size of this cable ranges from 4/0 AWG to 16 AWG, and features either PVC insulation and jacket or neoprene insulation and jacket. The PVC version of this cable comes in black or yellow, while the neoprene is only available in black.

The neoprene version is more flexible than PVC because its conductors can have a higher strand count, meaning it can be used in continuous flexing applications.

Even though these versions vary slightly, they’re still similar. They both have small bending radii, contributing to each cable’s flexibility, and these cables still have many of the same applications.

Festoon Flat Cable

What is the recommended Insulation Class and Temperature for Induction Motor ?

(1 Min Read)

  • Class F insulation with Class B temperature rise is the most commonly required insulation system for industrial motors i.e., max. temperature rise of 80 °C above ambient temperature.
  • The use of Class F insulation (ambient temperature 40 °C + Max. permissible temperature rise 105 °C + Hotspot temperature margin 10 °C ) with Class B (ambient temperature 40 °C + Max. permissible temperature rise 80 °C + Hotspot temperature margin 10 °C ) temperature rise gives motors a 25 °C safety margin. This can be used to increase the loading of the motor for limited periods, to operate at higher ambient temperatures or altitudes or with greater voltage and frequency tolerances. It will help to extend insulation life.
  • Hence a Class F Motor's insulation can go up to to a max temperature of 40+80+10 = 130°C is the recommended limit by most of the manufacturers.

Why Single Stranded Wires are not used for Domestic Wirings ?

Why Single Stranded Wires are not used for Domestic Wirings ?
(2 Min Read)
  • In Domestic wiring circuits, Conduits (Pipe protecting electrical wiring) have large number of bends and turns with smaller dia.
  • Single stranded wire is not  flexible, hence cable won't go through easily inside the conduits and also increase the chances of metal fatigue and the wire breaking as a result. Because of this, single stranded wires are best suited for products that won’t encounter much space restrictions and bends.
  • Multi-Strand wiring is more flexible and less susceptible to cracking and metal fatigue(weakness) than single stranded conductors. This makes it the preferable solution for domestic wiring.

Domestic Conduits
Domestic Wiring Conduits & Junction Box

What is the Direction of Rotation of Induction Motor if we Connect R, Y, B in U, V, W ?

(1 Min Read)

    When the mains supply is R, Y, B is connected to stator terminals marked U, V, and W respectively then the motor will Rotate Clockwise, as viewed from the D-end. The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging any two of the three conductors connected to a starter switch or motor.



What are the IEC Standards for Induction Motors ?

(5 Min Read) 

    The following guide serve as reference lists for Electrical and Mechanical IEC Standards that apply to most Low Voltage Induction Motors. In this context, Low Voltage refers to Motors that operate at voltages less than 1000 V and produce a maximum power of 1000kW. 
    IEC 60034 is an International Standard by International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)  for rotating electrical machinery.
    A Standard is a specifications document established as a result of consensus between international technical experts working for a standards organization such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (EN), or a national standards organization (NEMA in the US, DKE in Germany).

                                              

Electrical Standards:

  • IEC 60034-1 - Rating and performance
  • IEC 60034-2-1 - Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
  • IEC 60034-2-2 - Specific methods for determining separate losses of large machines from tests – Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
  • IEC 60034-8 - Terminal markings and direction of rotation
  • IEC 60034-11 - Thermal protection
  • IEC 60034-12 - Starting performance of single-speed three-phase cage induction motors
  • IEC 60034-17 - Cage induction motors when fed from converters – Application guide
  • IEC 60034-25 - Guidance for the design and performance of AC motors specifically designed for converter supply
  • IEC 60034-26 - Effects of unbalanced voltages on the performance of three-phase cage induction motors
  • IEC 60034-30 - Efficiency classes of single-speed three-phase cage induction motors(IE-Code)
  • IEC 60034-31 - Selection of energy-efficient motors including variable speed applications – Application guide
  • IEC 60038 - Standard voltages
  • IEC 60050-411 - International electrotechnical vocabulary – Chapter 411: Rotating machines

Mechanical Standards:

  • IEC 60034-5 - Degrees of Protection provided by the integral design of rotating electrical machine (IP code)
  • IEC 60034-6 - Methods of cooling (IC code)
  • IEC 60034-7 - Classification of types of construction, mounting arrangements and terminal box position (IM Code)
  • IEC 60034-9 - Noise limits
  • IEC 60034-14 - Mechanical vibration - Measurement, evaluation and limits of vibration severity
  • IEC 60072-1 - Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines Part 1: Frame sizes 56 to 400 and flange numbers 55 to 1080
  • IEC 60529 - Degree of protection provided by enclosure (IP Code)

What does the AC1 and AC3 terms mean in Power Contactors ?

           The duty of electrical contractor is categorized by the types of electrical loads used such as inductive, or resistive or capacitive and duty cycle such as plugging or runtime breaking, short circuit breaking etc. 
           Let’s see the different types of contactor duties are used in electrical distribution system. Below mentioned duties are categorized by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Generally, these rating are normally mentioned on the contactor Refer the picture.

AC duty (Alternating Current) for Contactors:

AC-1: Such duty contactors are used in resistive loads such as heaters and electrical furnace. Non-inductive or slightly inductive loads are included which means the power factor of the load lie between 0.95 to 1.
AC-2: These are used in Slip-ring motors starters such as Switching on and switching off the motor. They mostly prefer for high Torque current application.
AC-3: These type of contactors are generally preferred for starting of Squirrel-cage motors, and switches off motor during running time which means the contactor can withstand of high current continuously. Example. Lifts, elevators, fans etc.On closing, the contactor makes the inrush current, which is about 5 to 7 times the rated full load current of the motor. On opening, the contactor breaks the rated full load current of the motor.
         Image above represents the Air Break Power Contactor from Siemens, with mentioning AC1 ratings of 30A while AC3 rating of 16A, Usually AC3 ratings are lesser than AC1 ratings because breaking the arc in resistive circuits(AC1) remains easy with minimal arcing and contact wear. 

AC-4: Frequently on/off on Squirrel-cage motors such contactors are used. They have ability to break high starting current starting such as plugging and inching operation. Example: Cranes

AC-5a: These type of contactor is used in discharge lamps such as mercury vapor and sodium vapor lamps and Auxiliary Control circuit.
AC-5b: Switching of incandescent lamps
AC-6a: Transformers ON/OFF
AC-6b: These type of contactor is used in capacitor banks switching.
AC-7a: Small Inductive loads on house hold such as TV, mixers, drilling machine etc.
AC-7b: Rotating machines on households such as fans, central vacuum cleaners, washing machines etc.
AC-8a: Hermetic refrigerant compressor motor control with manual resetting on O/L.
AC-8b: Hermetic refrigerant compressor motor control with automatic resetting overloads
AC11: Auxiliary (control) circuits i.e. they don’t have power contacts such as NO (Normally open) and NC (Normally closed)
AC-12: Electronics switching using solid state devices on resistive loads
AC-13: Control of Resistive Load & Solid State Load with Transformer Isolation
AC-14: Control of small electromagnetic loads less than 72VA
AC-15: Control of A.C. electromagnetic loads greater than 72VA
AC-20: Connecting and disconnecting under no-load conditions
AC-21: Switching of resistive loads, including moderate overloads
AC-22: Switching of inductive loads as well resistive loads (Mixed)
AC-23: Switching of motor loads or other highly inductive loads
A: Protection of circuits, with no rated short-time withstand current
B: Protection of circuits, with a rated short-time withstand current

Direct Current Duties DC1, DC3, DC5:

DC-1: Non Inductive or slightly inductive loads, resistance furnaces, heaters
DC-3: Shunt-motors, starting, plugging (1), inching(2), dynamic braking of motors
DC-5: Series-motors, starting, plugging (1), inching(2), dynamic braking of motors
DC-6: Switching of incandescent lamps
DC-12: Control of resistive loads and solid state loads with opto-coupler isolation
DC-13: Control of D.C. electromagnetics
DC-14: Control of D.C. electromagnetic loads having economy resistors in the circuit
DC-20: Connecting and disconnecting under no-load conditions
DC-21: Switching of resistive loads, including moderate overloads
DC-22: Switching of mixed resistive and inductive loads, including moderate overloads (i.e. shunt motors)
DC-23: Switching of highly inductive loads (i.e. series motors)
However mostly in industries, AC1 and AC3 contactors are preferred
Difference between AC1 and AC3 contactors is AC1 contactor are used for less inductive loads such as resistive loads (the power factor of the load is near about 1) but AC3 duty contactors are used for high inductive, squirrel cage motors which will be off during the motor is running condition.
Example for AC1: Heaters, Electric Furnace
Example for AC3: All squirrel cage motors such as industrial fans, lifts, escalators, conveyors, bucket elevators, compressors, pumps, mixers, air conditioning units